Due to the dryness of the weather in most parts of Iran and the lack of sufficient rainfall in more than six months of the year in most places, resulting in the seasonality of rivers and the lack of access to water, various arrangements for fresh water supply in the dry seasons has been established. The construction of the AB ANBAR (water reservoir and cistern) is one of innovative ways to supply drinking water. In this regard, AB ANBAR, as its name implies, is to store water in watery seasons and use it during the rest of the year. The main structure of the AB ANBAR consists of an underground storage tank and dome to cover it on the ground. In some areas in Iran a wind catcher has been added to this structure to keep water cool in summer. The construction material used for Ab Anbars were special mortar called Sarooj which was made of sand, clay, lime, goat hair, egg whites and ash in specific proportions, depending on location and climate of the city. Some Ab Anbars had storage space tanks that were rectangular and some of them had cylindrical shape. In order to study the thermal energy potential in the Ab Anbars of Yazd city and the amount of radiation and shading received on the surface of each dome, using the Energy Plus simulation software, thermal analysis was carried out to determine the effect of the dome form on the amount of received sunlight and shadow On the surface of the Ab Anbar dome. The calculations were carried out by selecting several samples of Yazd valued Ab Anbars, based on the form diversity and the type of dome arch. In order to simulate the domes, they were first modeled in Revit software 2017, and then models were transferred to Rhino 5 software, using the honeybee & lady bug, and with the Energy plus Engine analysis of the received solar radiation and shading were done. The amount of received sunlight on the surfaces of the Ab Anbars dome in Yazd is different, and the shape of the dome has a strong relationship with the amount of received radiation. The amount of solar radiation received in the HAJ NASIR dome with an area of 75 square meters is 102906 kW / m2. This amount of solar radiation on the surface of SAHRAIE DASTI dome with an area of 137 square meters is 198697 kW / m2 and Get more radiation than HAJ NASIR dome. Another dome sample is BARSOIEH in TAFT with an area of 317 square meters is the largest dome among the studied cases. The dome receives 523597 kW / m 2 radiation. The Yazd HAJ GHAZI dome is 133 square meters and receive 215, 712 kW / m2. The last one is Dome of SHAH VALLI in Taft, with a total area of 194 square meters which absorbs 286, 159 kW / m2 radiation. The results of these analyzes shows that the highest amount of solar radiation received from the dome of the studied water reservoirs is BARSOIEH in TAFT dome with the amount of 76046 KW / m2, and the lowest amount of radiation received by Sun is in HAJ NASIR reservoir dome with the amount 102906 kW / m. According to these results, HAJ NASIR dome is the most suitable dome in the hot and dry climate of Yazd and, in heat absorption in shadow area of domes, the largest shading is in dome of BARSOIEH in TAFT. But the point that should be considered in the analyzes is the area of the dome of the Ab Anbars in the Yazd climate, which is, of course, as far as the area of the domes is high, the amount of absorption and shadow of the sun will be greater. For this reason, in the analyzes, uniformity of the dimensions of the Ab Anbars domes were used, so that the optimum dome can be obtained in terms of receiving solar radiation and absorbing heat in the shadowed area. To equalize the domes, the absorption of the sun's radiation of each dome is divided by the amount of shadowing of the same dome, the number obtained indicates the relationship between the amount of radiation and shadow on the dome. That is, greater number shows greater amount of radiation absorbed in that dome comparing shadow casted by the dome. The results show 6 for SAHRAIE DASTI dome, 7 for BARSOIEH in TAFT, 8 for HAJ GHAZI, 11 for HAJ NASIR, and finally the highest number were 12 for SHAH VALLI in Taft. This results shows that the lowest radiation intake is in SAHRAIE DASTI dome and the highest radiation is in SHAH VALLI in Taft, it can be concluded that the most optimal AB ANBAR dome for the Yazd city climate is the dome of SAHRAIE DASTI.

Introduction: Nitriles are toxic and hazardous compounds for all organisms which are produced enormously by human being and cause environment pollution. Biodegradation is the best method for Nitrile elimination in sewage. The aim of this study was isolation and identification of native bacteria Acetonitrile-degrading from the sewage of the city of Kerman.Materials and methods: The enrichment and screening of Acetonitrile degrading bacteria was performed in a specific medium containing 1% Acetonitrile as sole carbon and nitrogen source. Enzyme activity and ammonium production was determined in growth medium using a modification of the phenol/hypochlorite method. Identification of the isolates was undertaken using microbial - biochemical and molecular tests. The optimization of enzyme production was examined. The amount of nitrile and acid were also determined by gas chromatography.Results: Among three isolated nitrile hydrolyzing producing species (FA3, FA8 and AB19), FA8 isolate showed maximum enzyme productivity. The results of characteristic tests showed that these bacteria belonged to the Pseudomonas sp. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses exhibited that FA11, FA8 and AB19 strains were similar to Pseudomonas Otitidis and Pseudomonas geniculate with 99, 100% homology, respectively. Results of medium optimization of Pseudomonas FA8 strain showed that glucose (10 gL-1) and yeast extract (5 gL-1) in neutral medium strongly supported enzyme production. Gas chromatography results showed that FA8 produced 58% acetic acid at 48 h of incubation.Discussion and conclusion: The results demonstrated that Pseudomonas FA8 isolated bacterium is a suitable candidate for degradation of Acetonitrile. This bacterium could be used for treatment of industrial wastewater and sites that contaminated with Acetonitrile.

Iranian cities located in specific geographical regions have developed their unique landscape typology based on historical receptions, and it is necessary to use landscape typology to understand the design of buildings in the Iranian ecological context and reach appropriate model patterns in that region. Unfortunately, after modernisation, contemporary architecture and urban planning in Iran have faced bitter experiences resulting from cultural discontinuity and historical ruptures, resulting in serious harm. This article examines one of the old neighbourhoods in Sari County called "Ab-Anbar No" as an example of the Iranian indigenous urban landscape. The main proposed method of this article is a thematic relationship framework based on images obtained through repetition in urban streets to analyze the proportions, distances between buildings, visual communications, and harmony between two adjacent buildings along streets, and the formation of alleys guiding designers towards a suitable pattern in the existing architecture and urban planning fabric. In this method, perspectives from different points of the fabric are studied to provide detailed information on the structure of the fabric. The frames under study indicate that factors such as balance, confrontation and contradiction, memorability, clarity, emphasis, narrowness, widening, repetition and sequence, suddenness, climate, materials and plant fibres are carefully considered in this fabric, and any revitalization of the fabric must be done while considering such qualities.

The cities with warm & dry climate in Iran, has always been accompanied by condensed physical texture and main elements such as mosques, markets, plazas and water reservoirs. The water reservoir is the element that it has been usually seen in cities with warm & dry or humid climates. Many of the researchers have studied only the details and appearance of water reservoirs and have not surveyed the role of this element in spatial structure of historical cities. The aim of this study is to survey the role of water reservoirs in spatial structure of historical cities in Iran. As regards the wide ranges of these similar cities are in Iran, this study specifically focused on two cities of Yazd and Lar. The methodology of this study is comparative analysis based on Library resources and field observations. Research findings show that although water reservoirs have a physical presence in urban spaces of Yazd and Lar city, but the impact of this element is more in spatial structure of Lar city. Locating in central zone of every neighborhood, water reservoirs have formed a radial network and stellar structure of roads and accessibilities. Also the orientation of residential units has changed according to the central location of water reservoir in every neighborhood. While water reservoirs in the city of Yazd do not have much impact in shaping the basic structure and in addition, the space around the water reservoirs do not associated with other public spaces.

A large part of Iran is located in dry areas, for this reason, various measures have been taken for water management, especially surface water. Dry weather, lack of rainfall, seasonality of river water and gradual drying of rivers, created the idea of water storage in the form of dams, aqueducts and cisterns in the human mind. The cisterns have different designs depending on the climatic and social conditions of each region. Also, the architecture of such buildings in different regions has been influenced by local architecture. Optimum management of low rainfall in a few days of the year in an area that due to the geological texture of the underground water table is insignificant and salty was a sign of the genius of the inhabitants of the Iranian plateau for water storage. With the progress of this tradition, especially during Islamic periods, the number of settlements in the region increased. One of the water storage structures is the cisterns, which were built along the flood path so that the surface water is directed to them after the rain and used for various purposes. The question is, considering the scarcity of water in the region, is it possible to restore this structure in a modern way by reviving the past techniques? Due to the low but heavy rainfall in the south of the country, the ponds, in addition to providing an important part of the residents’ water, also act as floodgates, and with one rain at the end of the summer season and a few rains in the winter season, all the thousands of ponds in the south of the country are filled. But with the dependence of these areas on the water of the dams, in addition to the pressure on the country’s water resources, this historical tradition is gradually being forgotten. However, from the results of this research, based on the statistics, it seems that the restoration of the ponds-with government support and with a modern design based on historical patterns-will provide the possibility of water supply for the residents of the region.

A large part of central Iran is in hot arid zone. Living in these areas depends on existence of water. In order to keep water in an Iranian city or a village, different ways have been adopted. Iranian people have used an important architectural element which is called ab-anbar. Ab-anbar or underground cistern is a place to keep water for different users in a settlement during hot seasons. We can depict an overall picture of their building elements. Generally, all ab-anbars consist of tanks or cistern, dome or vault, steps, and badgir or wind-catchers. In most ab-anbars, access to water is provided by a long staircase with a steep slop reaching the tank. There is “pashir” (small underground hall) at the end of the staircase in which a bronze tap is arranged to take from cistern which is a water reservation tank located deeply under the ground. The vaulted covering on top of the tank holds wind-catchers which ventilate the area and make the drinking water cool. The main aim of this paper is to concentrate on structural elements of ab-anbar. This building must be built very precisely. Any mistake means leaking water which is so vital for habitants. We can consider constructional methods for different elements such as roofing, tank, staircase and wind-catchers. The first section of the paper is devoted to materials used for construction of ab-anbar. Different materials are used such as brick, stone, gypsum mortal and some composition of lime mortar. Application of these materials is very crucial in maintaining water in the tank. Covering the cistern is a useful act to prevent water evaporation contamination and warming. In Iran, the most common type of roof is the vault and in central parts of Iran, due to shortage of timber materials vaults are common. Another reason for superiority of vaults over timber roofs is the weakness of the latter against dampness. Furthermore, penetration of insects and small animals in wood fabrics may contaminate water resources. In addition due to the fact that it was not possible to repair and control ab-anbars continuously their covering structures need firmness and durability. Types of vaults in each place are different on the basis of typology of ab-anbars and what determines the type of each covering in different places is the type of the tank plan. In ab-anbars with circular cistern plan domes are also located on circular surfaces without using squinches. In the cases of sizeable rectangular tank plans the main solution is application of domes. Different vaults are used for small rectangular tanks. For columned plans various vaults have been used like crossed vaults, small domes and barrel vaults. Cisterns are containers for water reservation. Water reservation idea is materialized by the tank construction and performance. In order to access water in ab-anbars we can identify two methods in different parts of Iran. Both these elements have been built with high quality materials in order to preserve the entire building for long time use.

In recent years, with the priority of the paradigm of sustainability, sustainable development and the approach of sustainable urban regeneration, a new thematic area has emerged in the world literature. What has been neglected in this area is the issue of the appropriate local housing pattern in dilapidated structures, which has doubled the need for attention. The aim of this study is to achieve a physical model of housing project for urban regeneration of Sari water reservoir. The research method is descriptive, analytical and exploratory and the prevailing approach is survey. By studying the theoretical literature and consulting experts, a 94-component researcher-made questionnaire was prepared and provided to the statistical community, 50 experts familiar with the place. Questionnaire information was entered into SPSS software for initial analysis and statistical tests, then Smart PLS software was used for structural modeling. The results indicate the moderate to high effect of the housing model on the regeneration of this neighborhood with a path coefficient of 0.564. The obtained pattern includes 8 sub-components: micro-detail, dripping and protrusion of wooden beams, native sloping roof and studded edges, modern materials, dominant color of body wall, having yard, urban landscape design system, sky line effect, high height of useful space Internal and 3 variables of impenetrability of the system of access to residential masses, the dominant rhythm in the wall and the installation of elements such as corders, etc. showed acceptable significance among the physical components of the housing plan of Abnabarno neighborhood in Sari.

Objective: Water resource tourism is a contemporary global topic aimed at sustainable development. Developing this industry alongside water resources can alleviate severe water extraction pressures, promote cultural exchange and awareness of water history, provide alternative livelihoods for low-income regions, and enhance the attention to and preservation of historical water resources. Qazvin Province holds significant potential in historical water structures, and fostering tourism can be effectively achieved through this avenue. Therefore, this study aims to examine water tourism projects and studies both domestically and internationally through literature reviews and field visits to propose an initial comprehensive plan for developing water tourism in Qazvin Province.Methods: In this regard, by collecting information on the water resources and structures of Qazvin Province through experiential visits, research, numerous meetings with experts in the field, and consultations with them, the superior potentials of the province were identified. Based on their characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses, the best option was selected.Results: According to the quantitative analysis conducted, the Ab Anbar (water reservoir), which is essentially a hallmark of Qazvin Province, was identified as the top potential. Conclusions: Considering the superior potential of the Ab Anbar for water tourism in Qazvin Province, its development and promotion can revive ancient water structures and raise public awareness about the importance and conservation of water resources. Simultaneously, by attracting tourists and creating alternative livelihoods, it is possible to prevent high-water-consuming activities and achieve sustainable development by reducing water consumption.

Syntax, science of recitation and interpretation are among the Islamic research that developed after the revelation of Koran; the syntactic analysis of each ayah is of great importance among Koranic scholars. Of the many scholars Ibn Anbār and Ab ul Baghah Akbari who wrote "Ghareeb I'rab Al Qur'an" and "Emla Ma Men Beh Al Rahman" respectively, strived to illuminate this path for the posterity by producing great Koranic works. These two scholars app1iedsimilar methods especially in dealing with syntax.Their differences lie in minor issues such as words' origin, religious jurisprudence and interpretation. This paper sets out to give a short account of the history of syntax, then introduces the two mentioned scholars by analyzing their writing methods in the stated books. At the end the two Koranic works are compared to reflect their differences.